NAPOLEON BANAPARTE

  NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

1. Napoleon Bonaparte was born Napoleone di Buonaparte and his parents called him Nabulio, he was born on August 15,1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica;  he died on May 5,1821 in St. Helena Island.

2. Autopsy report concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer, but some scientists believed he was poisoned with arsenic.

3. Napoleon was one of the greatest military commanders in history. Oftentimes portrayed as a power hungry conqueror, this strong and ambitious man is indeed one of the greatest. Napoleon is considered to have been a military genius, and is known for commanding many successful campaigns but also known for some spectacular failures.

4. Napoleon took the pride and honor for being the first Corsican to graduate from the Ecole Militaire. He was trained as an artillery officer in France and eventually crowned himself the Emperor of France.

5. Napoleon spoke with a marked Corsican accent and was teased by other students for this and he never learned to spell properly.

6. Josephine and Napoleon were married in 1796 but she did notbear Napoleon any children which resulted to a divorced in 1810.
7. Napoleon sold to the United States their French possession – the so-calledLouisiana Purchase for less than three cents per acre or $7.40 per km².

8.Thegreat Napoleon Bonaparte could have won the Battle of Waterloo by attackingearlier in the day, but Napoleon Bonaparte delayed his attack because he suffered greatly from hemorrhoid pain that morning.

9.Napoleon was also a writer, he wrote a romantic novella.

10. Napoleon was Roman Catholic, but did not believein the existence of a living God. 

 This from wikipedia  encycropedia britanica

imyambaro yo mu rwanda rwo hamere

nk'uko tubikesha urubuga .www.amakururwanda.com

Mbere y’uko imyambaro ikoze mu bitambaro tubona kuri iki gihe yaduka mu Rwanda, Abanyarwanda bambaraga imyambaro ikoze mu mpu z’amatungo bororaga n’iza zimwe mu nyamaswa bahigaga ndetse n’ikoze mu gishishwa cy’umuvumu.
Muri rusange, abana bato ntibambaraga. Hagati y’imyaka irindwi n’umunani ni bwo batangiraga kwambara. Icyo gihe bambaraga imyambaro ikoze mu butumba bw’insina akenshi babaga bikoreye ubwabo yitwa uruyonga. Urwo ruyonga bashoboraga kurukenyera cyangwa kurwitera.
Guhera ku myaka 16-17, abana b’abahungu bakenyeraga umwenda ugizwe n’uruhu rwose cyangwa ukoze mu gishishwa cy’umuvumu bita impuzu, naho ab’abakobwa bakambara uruhu akenshi babaga bazirikiye ku rutugu bita ikinyita.
Ariko, abana b’abakobwa bo mu miryango ikize bo, kuva ari abangavu, bambaraga umwenda wabaga ukoze mu ruhu rw’inyana uriho inshunda ndende bita indengera. Uwo mwenda witwaga ishabure.
Witegereje, ishabure ntiyambikaga neza uyambaye, kuko yari igizwe n’akenda gato ko guhisha imbere (cache-sexe) naho inyuma habereye aho. Ibi byaterwaga n’uko akenshi abakobwa bo mu miryango ikize bagumaga mu rugo ntibagire aho bajya, kandi bagashyingirwa bakiri bato.
Muri rusange, abantu bakuru barakenyeraga bakanitera cyangwa bagakenyera gusa. Abagore bakenyeraga uruhu rw’inka bita inkanda cyangwa umwenda ukoze mu gishishwa cy’umuvumu bita impuzu. Iyo nkanda cyangwa impuzu bayikenyeraga bifashishije umweko wabaga uriho inzaratsi.
Abagabo bo muri rusange bakenyeraga uruhu cyangwa impuzu ngufi ugereranyije n’iz’abagore.
Na none ariko, hari ubwo abagabo, abasore n’abakobwa bo mu miryango ikize bambaraga umwenda witwa umukane. Wari umwenda ukoze mu ruhu rw’inka cyangwa rw’impongo wabaga upima nka cm 30 z’uburebure uzengurutswe hose n’inshunda ndende (indengera), hanyuma bakawukenyera ku buryo ubegereye. Bavuga ko n’umwami yambaraga umukane ariko ukoze mu ruhu rw’inkomo.
Mu duce two mu nkiga, abakobwa baho bambaraga imyenda minini ikoze mu mpu ebyiri z’ihene babaga bateranyije. Umwambaro nk’uwo bawitaga igicirane cyangwa igiteranyo. Ababyeyi bahekaga abana mu ruhu rw’intama rwitwa ingobyi


Read more: http://www.amakururwanda.com/2012/02/amatekaimyambarire-yo-mu-rwanda-rwo.html#ixzz44xsDX9ae.

urutonde rw' abami bayoboye u rwanda

Urutonde rw’ Abami b’u Rwanda, abagabekazi n’igihe babayeho ucishirije

nk'uko tubikesha urubuga www.gakondo.com n'ibitabo nk'

- Inganji Kalinga cyanditswe na Musenyeri Alexis Kagame, icapwa racyo   rya mbere, 1943
 -Ibyo Ku Ngoma z’Abami b’u Rwanda unyuze ku muzi w’Abasuka cyanditswe na Nyirishema Celestin, Weurwe 2008

	Amazina y’Abami	Amazina y’abagabekazi	Imyaka y’urucishirizo
	Gihanga Ngomijana	Nyirarukangaga	934
	Kanywranda I Gahima	Nyamususa	967
	Yuhi I Musindi	Nyamata	1000
	Rumeza	Kirezi	1033
	Nyarume	Nyirashyoza	1066
	Rukuge	Nyirankindi	1099
	Rubanda	Nkundwa	1132
	Ndahiro I Ruyange	Cyizigira	1165
	Ndoba	Monde	1195
	Samembe	Magondo	1228
	Nsoro I samukondo	Nyakanga	1311
	Ruganzu I Bwimba	Nyakanga	1344
	Cyilima I Rugwe	Nyakiyaga	1377
	Kigeli I Mukobanya	Nyanguge	1410
	Mibambwe I Sekarongoro Mutabazi I	Nyabadaha	1443
	Yuhi II Gahima	Matama	1477
	Ndahiro II Cyamatare	Nyirangabo	1513
	Ruganzu II Ruganzu	Nyabacuzi	1543
	Mutara I Semugeshi	Nyirakabogo	1576
	Kigeli II Nyamuheshera	Ncenderi	1609
	Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura	Nyabuhoro	1642
	Yuhi II Mazimpaka	Nyamarembo	1675
	Cyilima II Rujugira	Kirongoro	+- 1730
	Kigeli III Ndabarasa	Rwesero	1741
	Mibambwe III Sentabyo	Nyiratamba	1746
	Yuhi IV Gahindiro	Nyiratunga	+/- 1814
	Mutara II Rwogera	Nyiramongi	1853
	Kigeli IV Rwabugiri	Murorunkwere	1895
	Mibambwe III Rutarindwa	Kanjogera	?
	Yuhi V Musinga	Kanjogera	1931
	Mutara III Rudahigwa	Kankazi	1959
	Kigeli V Ndahindurwa	?	?

somo la kiswahili

wangwaana ndugu zangu ninawasiifu kwa ubinngwa na ushupavu wenui pia na ukongwe.nami ninawandaria  somo hili kuwakumbusha kuhusu kazi za msanii ule wa zamaani aitwaye shabaan robert . leon tunaanza na hadith ''adili na nduguze''kutokka kwa mtandao wa internet wa wikipedia

Adili na Nduguze

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru

Rukia: urambazaji, tafuta

Adili na nduguze ni riwaya ya Shaaban Robert inayozungumzia jinsi ambavyo kijana (Adili) mmoja mwenye roho na tabia njema alivyohusudiwa na ndugu zake (Hasidi na Mwivu), walimchukia na kumpatia mateso na kumuweka katika hali ngumu katika nyakati tofauti. Hawa walimtesa kiasi cha kutosha na kama malipo ya makosa yao wakageuzwa manyani na jini liitwalo Huria. Lakini kwa moyo wake mwema Adili akayaombea msamaha baada ya miaka mingi yakitunzwa naye kwa mateso ya kuyapiga kiboko kila usiku na kuyapa posho. Baada ya hapo Huria alikubali pendekezo la Adili wakarejea katika utu tena.Mara baada ya baba yao kufariki dunia Adili na nduguze waligawana mali sawa kwa sawa katika sehemu tatu.

Historia ya Kiswahili

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru

Rukia: urambazaji, tafuta

Maeneo yenye wasemaji wa Kiswahili

Historia ya Kiswahili imeanza takriban miaka 1000 iliyopita kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki.
Neno Swahili lina asili ya Kiarabu: Sahil ina maana ya pwani; sawahil ’’as-sawāhilī’’ (السواحلي) ni wingi wake kwa kumaanisha yote yanayohusiana na pwani, watu au utamaduni wa eneo la pwani.

Yaliyomo

 [ficha] 

• 1 Mwanzo katika miji ya pwani
• 2 Lugha ya biashara
• 3 Kiswahili wakati wa ukoloni
• 4 Kiswahili leo
• 5 Marejeo

Mwanzo katika miji ya pwani

Kiswahili kilianza kama lugha ya miji na mabandari ya biashara ya kimataifa kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya mashariki.
Tuna historia jinsi gani miji kama vile Kilwa, Lamu na mingine kadhaa ilianzishwa na wafanyabiashara Waarabu au Wajemi waliooa wenyeji. Idadi ya wahamiaji kutoka Uarabuni haikuwa kubwa sana, hivyo lugha ya wenyeji ilitumika kila mahali ila tu maneno mengi yameingia kutoka Kiarabu. Kwa ujumla Kiswahili kina maneno yenye asili ya Kiarabu kati ya 30-40%, hali inayokaribia kiasi cha maneno yenye asili ya Kilatini au Kifaransa katika lugha ya Kiingereza.
Utamaduni mpya ulijitokeza uliokuwa wa Kiafrika na wa Kiislamu ukajielewa kuwa sehemu ya dunia ya Uislamu. Hivyo Kiswahili kilizaliwa kuwa lugha ya Kibantu kilichopokea maneno mengi ya asili ya nje.

Kiswahili kiliandikwa muda mrefu kwa herufi za Kiarabu. Haya ni matini kwenye sanamu ya askari huko Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Yanasema: "Huu ni ukumbusho wa askari wenyeji Waafrika waliopigana katika Vita Kuu."

Lugha iliandikwa kwa herufi za Kiarabu tangu karne ya 13 BK. Kwa bahati mbaya leo hatuna tena maandiko ya kale sana, kutokana na hali ya hewa kwenye pwani isiyosaidia kutunza karatasi na kurasa zenyewe zinaweza kuoza kutokana na unyevu hewani pamoja na wadudu wengi walioko katika mazingira ya pwani.
Lakini maandiko ya kale yanayopatikana kutoka karne ya 17 huonyesha ya kwamba tenzi na mashairi vinafuata muundo uliotangulia maandiko yenyewe kwa karne kadhaa. Sehemu kubwa ya maandiko ya kale ni tenzi yaani mashairi yenye aya maelfu. Tenzi ndefu kabisa inahusu kifo cha Mtume Muhamad ikiwa na aya 45,000.
Kiswahili kimepokelewa kirahisi na wenyeji kwa sababu walikosa lugha ya pamoja kati yao, lugha za Kibantu ziko karibu sana na athira ya Kiarabu ilikuwa kilekile kote pwani. Haya yote yalisaidia kujenga umoja wa Kiswahili katika eneo kubwa la pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki.
Kiajemi pia kilichangia maneno mbalimbali, kama vile "bibi" na "cherehani".
Kufika kwa Wareno huko Afrika ya Mashariki kuanzia mwaka 1500 kulileta athira mpya ikiwa maneno kadhaa ya Kireno yameingia katika Kiswahili kama vile "bendera", "gereza" na "meza".
Kuwepo kwa wafanyabiashara Wahindi katika miji mikubwa ya pwani kuliingiza pia maneno ya asili ya Kihindi katika lugha kama vile "lakhi", "gunia" n.k. Athira ya lugha za Kihindi iliongezeka kiasi baada ya Waingereza kutumia Wahindi wengi kujenga reli ya Uganda.

Lugha ya biashara

Kiswahili kilitumika kama lugha ya biashara baina ya watu wa pwani na bara katika kanda ndefu sana kutoka Somalia hadi Msumbiji wa Kaskazini. Wafanyabiashara Waswahili waliendeleza biashara ya misafara hadi Kongo.
Kiswahili kiliendelea kuenea kwenye njia za misafara hii. Kila msafara ulihitaji watu mamia hadi maelfu wa kubeba mizigo ya biashara kutoka pwani hadi pale msafara ulipolenga hata Ziwa Tanganyika. Watu hawa wote walisambaza matumizi ya Kiswahili katika sehemu za ndani.
Lakini katika maeneo fulani biashara hii ilijenga pia kizuizi. Watu kama Waganda waliona Kiswahili ni lugha ya Waislamu tena lugha ya biashara ya watumwa; hivyo hadi leo ni wagumu kukubali Kiswahili.

Kiswahili wakati wa ukoloni

Karne ya 19 ilileta utawala wa kikoloni. Wakoloni walitangulia kufika katika mabandari ya pwani wakatumia mara nyingi makarani, askari na watumishi kutoka eneo la pwani wakijenga vituo vyao barani. Watu hao walipeleka Kiswahili pande za bara.
Wajerumani waliamua kutumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya utawala katika Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani. Hapo waliweza kutumia kazi ya wamisionari Wakristo wa awali, hasa Ludwig Krapf, waliowahi kufanya utafiti wa lugha na kutunga kamusi na sarufi za kwanza pamoja na kuunda mfumo wa kuandika Kiswahili kwa herufi za Kilatini.
Utawala wa kikoloni ulirahisisha mawasiliano kati ya wenyeji. Reli zilijengwa na wafanyakazi kutoka makabila mbalimbali walishirikiana. Waafrika walilazimishwa kulipa kodi kwa wakoloni, hivyo walitafuta kazi ya ajira. Hasa katika mashamba makubwa yaliyolima mazao ya biashara pia katika migodi ya Kongo watu wa makabila mengi walichanganyikana wakitumia hasa Kiswahili kati yao. Kwa namna hiyo lugha ilienea zaidi.
Waingereza baada ya kuchukua Tanganyika kutoka kwa Wajerumani waliendela kutumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya utawala. Kuanzia mwaka 1930 waliunda kamati yenye shabaha ya kuunganisha lahaja mbalimbali na kuunda Kiswahili cha pamoja kwa ajili ya Afrika ya Mashariki (Inter-territorial Language (Swahili) committee for the East African Dependencies). Mwenyekiti alikuwa Frederick Johnson, makatibu R. K. Watts, P. Mzaba na Seyyid Majid Khalid Barghash. Kamati hiyo iliamua kutumia lahaja ya Kiunguja kuwa msingi wa Kiswahili cha pamoja kilichoendela kufundishwa shuleni. Leo hii ni Kiswahili rasmi kinachofunzwa na wanafunzi na kuandikwa magazetini na vitabuni.
Miaka ya ukoloni ilisababisha pia kupokelewa kwa maneno mapya katika Kiswahili. Kijerumani kiliacha maneno machache kama "shule" (Kijerumani Schule) na "hela" (Heller) lakini maneno mengi sana ya asili ya Kiingereza yalipokelewa.
Kiswahili kimeonyesha uwezo mkubwa wa kupokea maneno kutoka lugha tofauti sana, kikitumia maneno haya kufuatana na sarufi ya Kibantu ya Kiswahili.

Kiswahili leo

Katika Tanzania Kiswahili kimekuwa lugha rasmi ya serikali na taifa. Shule za msingi hutumia Kiswahili lakini shule za sekondari na vyuo bado zinaendelea kufundisha kwa Kiingereza. Tarehe 15 Februari 2015 rais Jakaya Kikwete alitangaza mpango wa kubadilisha lugha ya elimu nchini kwa kutumia Kiswahili kwenye ngazi zote hadi shule za sekondari na chuo kikuu. ^[1]
Kenya imetangaza Kiswahili kuwa lugha ya taifa lakini inaendelea kutumia Kiingereza katika shughuli za serikali. Watu wa matabaka ya juu mara nyingi hupendelea kutumia Kiingereza wakiona ni lugha bora. Lakini tangu 1986 wanafunzi wote wanatakiwa kujifunza Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari. Tatizo mojawapo ni kuwepo wa makabila makubwa kama Wakikuyu au Waluo wenye wasemaji wengi sana katika eneo moja, hali isiyosaidia kujifunza lugha tofauti. Pia kaskazini na magharibi mwa Kenya wenyeji wengi si wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu nao hawaoni Kiswahili ni lugha rahisi.
Uganda inatumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya polisi na jeshi, hali ambayo haikuongeza upendo wa Waganda kwa lugha kutokana na historia ya Uganda ya kuwa na vita na serikali za kijeshi. Lakini kinasikika pia kama lugha ya biashara masokoni. Pamoja na kwamba Waganda walikichukulia Kiswahili kama lugha ya kitumwa lakini pia lugha hii ilionekana kuwa na ustaarabu wa Kiarabu zaidi, yaani Uislamu. Lugha ya Kiswahili ilitumika katika kueneza dini hiyo.
Mashariki mwa Kongo Kiswahili kimeenea sana: ni moja kati ya lugha nne za kitaifa katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.

vatican miseum

get knews about ''Vatican miseum''

Pontifical Villas, even closer and open to all! New stories and experiences at the Pontifical Villas of Castel Gandolfo which, extend their cultural proposals for tourists with the launch of new itineraries, tours and original solutions in terms of mobility. A broad range of alternative possibilities is offered to families and individual visitors. Among these novelties, of particular interest is visitor access - never before permitted - to the Apostolic Palace to view the new museum space, The Gallery of the Pontiffs. Pride of place among these new proposals must however be reserved for the extraordinary activation of the Vatican-Castel Gandolfo-Albano Laziale railway line, offering a unique and evocative journey from the historic Station of the world's smallest State to the discovery of a priceless artistic, botanical and architectural treasure. The "first" and the "second" Vatican newly and ideally reunited... Discover the new proposals - Info: tours.musei@scv.va - Book your guided tour Launch of Vatican Gardens open bus tour Visitors will be able to appreciate the natural and architectural beauty of the Vatican Gardens in a new, unprecedented and sustainable way. Comfortably seated on board an environmentally-friendly open bus offering panoramic views, will the help of an audio-guide, they will be able to discover the silence and the botanical treasures of the "green heart" of the Vatican along an evocative itinerary bringing together art, nature and faith. For walking enthusiasts, the traditional guided tour of the gardens on foot remains available as always! Book your tour - Practical info - Open bus itinerary - Demo audio-guide of the Gardens Focus on the Augustus of Prima Porta On the occasion of two-thousandth anniversary celebrations of the death of the first emperor of Rome, the marble masterpiece Augustus of Prima Porta will return to the Vatican Museums following its great public success in exhibitions in Rome and Paris. Visitors can admire the sculpture temporarily located at the entrance of the Gregorian Profane Museum. "1000 kg of marble in movement" Focus on the collections Virtual online Tour of the Vatican Museums (explore the Sistine Chapel). [More] MeetingPlace The ancient Pontifical Swiss Guard corps is immortalised in its most important formal moments, as well as those of unexpected and surprising daily life, in the evocative photographs by Fabio Mantegna for an itinerant exhibition, The life of a Swiss guard. A private view, which from 2 April will unveil to the public of the Vatican Museums previously unseen details of the real life of the "smallest army in the world". Access to the exhibition is included in the Museums entry ticket Press release Greetings from the Director Dear Visitors, firstly, a cordial welcome from the Director of the Vatican Museums. Second, you are entering into one of the most important sites for the history of human... [Continues] New layout for the Collection of the Room of Tributes All visitors leaving the Sistine Chapel will be welcomed by the renewed beauty of the decorative arts collection on display in the Room of Tributes. Enhanced by a new and important layout design, and preserved in the historic display cabinets designed by the architect Raffaele Stern, the rich collections of silver, ivories, enamels, vestments, chalices, crosses and objects of worship from every age and of every type are displayed in their former splendour, evidence of the varied tendencies favoured by papal patronage throughout the centuries. Press release The Vatican Museums open up to "popular" art These are the words with which Pope Francis blessed the two iron sculptures produced using recycled waste materials by the Argentine artist Alejandro Marmo: "They are a sign of the creativity of which we are capable, even using abandoned raw materials. They are a symbol of the genius that God has wished to place in the mind of an artist". The works, depicting Christ as a worker and a reproduction of the Virgin of Luján, have been installed in the Vatican Gardens. Genesis of the works - Papal blessing of the works

 

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Fbi objectives and mission

fbi objective and mission.

• Donna A. Bucella,
• Director, Terrorist Screening Center, FBI
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
• Washington DC
• January 26, 2004

Good morning Chairman Kean, Vice Chairman Hamilton, and members of the Commission. Thank you for this opportunity to discuss the mission and objectives of the new Terrorist Screening Center (TSC). The TSC was created to ensure that government investigators, screeners, agents and state and local law enforcement officers have ready access to the information and expertise they need to respond quickly when a suspected terrorist is screened or stopped. The TSC will consolidate access to terrorist watch lists from multiple agencies and provide 24/7 operational support for thousands of federal screeners and state and local law enforcement officers across the country and around the world. When fully operational, the TSC will dramatically increase our ability to ensure that federal, state, and local officials are working off of the same unified, comprehensive set of anti-terrorist information.

This is an enormous task, and it requires cooperation and coordination from multiple agencies. Pursuant to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 6, (HSPD 6), the FBI administers the TSC with the support from the Intelligence Community, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of State. The Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of State have representatives assigned to the TSC, and each is responsible for specific aspects of the TSC's mission.

TSC CapabilitiesUnder its implementing agreement, TSC, through the FBI, was required to achieve an initial operating capability on December 1, 2003 -- only 75 days from its inception on September 16, 2003. This milestone was achieved and since December 1, 2003, TSC has been providing key resources for screeners and law enforcement personnel. These include:

• (1) a single coordination point for terrorist screening data;
• a consolidated 24/7 call center for encounter identification assistance;
• a coordinated law enforcement response to federal, state and local law enforcement; and,
• a formal process for tracking encounters and ensuring feedback is supplied to the appropriate entities.

The TSC's initial capabilities are limited due to the need to integrate records in a way that ensures that the data about suspected terrorists is as accurate as possible. Each agency contributing data to the TSC is using its own database. These databases, which were created to support the mission of the individual agencies, are in many instances, their case management systems, not terrorist watch lists.
The TSC has approached the challenge to consolidate terrorists watch lists by implementing a "phased in" approach. Since December 1, 2003, the TSC has had the ability to: (1) make the names and identifying information of terrorists, known to or suspected by the U.S. Government, accessible to federal, state and local law enforcement; (2) have a system for properly reviewing whether a known or suspected terrorist should be included in or deleted from additional screening processes; (3) administer a process to ensure that persons, who may share a name with a known or suspected terrorist, are not unduly inconvenienced in U.S. Government screening processes; and, (4) implement a system to adjust or delete outdated or incorrect information to prevent problems arising from misidentifications.
By this summer, TSC will have a single, consolidated Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB). Before the end of this year, the TSC will create a more dynamic database and use a single, integrated system for ensuring known or suspected terrorists' identities are promptly incorporated into all appropriate screening processes. The terrorist screening database will allow private sector entities, such as operators of critical infrastructure facilities or organizers of large events, to submit a list of persons to the U.S. Government to identify possible terrorists. In addition, the TSC will begin to implement mechanisms for sharing terrorist screening information with cooperating countries. The Department of State is currently working on this issue.
Consolidated Terrorist Screening DatabaseThe consolidated Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB) will be a continuously updated, unclassified law enforcement sensitive database, containing identifying information of all known or suspected terrorists.
The TSC allows the consolidation of disparate information, currently held by multiple agencies and used in different ways, to be brought together for a single purpose -- To help identify and detain potential terrorists to prevent future terrorist attacks.
The TSC will receive the vast majority of its information about known or suspected international terrorists from the Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC), which will assemble and analyze information from a wide range of sources to identify potential terrorists. The FBI will provide the TSC with information about purely domestic terrorism - that is, information that has been determined to have no link to foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, or international terrorism. The TSC will then consolidate this identifying information from these records and make it accessible for queries from federal, state, and local agencies for screening purposes.
When a nomination is received at the TSC, it is reviewed by assignees to the TSC from participating agencies, who, in consultation with their assigning member agencies, determine how an encounter with this individual will be handled. The system is tailored to give different instructions depending on where the encounter takes place. For example, an FBI representative who reviews a record may determine that an individual is subject to a criminal warrant and needs to be detained by state and local law enforcement, while the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) representative may decide that the individual is to be placed on the "No-fly" list. This tailoring ensures that specific instructions are provided to federal, state, and local agencies based on their legal authority.
Currently, most calls to the TSC come from Customs and Border Protection based on encounters made at our borders. Other inquiries are made by state and local police departments and the Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs.
Let me take a moment to describe for you the typical process for a TSC inquiry. When a passenger arrives in the United States and he is a possible match to the TSC record, Customs and Border Protection contacts the TSC for assistance in the identification process. The TSC, taking advantage of its electronic access to all of the information contained in the FBI and the Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC) databases, attempts to determine if the person is a positive or negative match to the record. All positive or inconclusive matches are then passed to the FBI Counterterrorism Watch (CT Watch) for follow-up action, and the results of the follow-up are then shared with and communicated back to the originating agency. This action includes the review of sensitive information to assist the officer and provides instruction to that officer as to how the person should be handled. For example, the officer may be instructed-- in appropriate and lawfully authorized circumstances -- to arrest, detain or question the individual. The Counterterrorism Watch simultaneously coordinates with the Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) within that area of concern for the coordinating law enforcement response. The results of the follow-up are then shared with and communicated back to the originating agency.
In the case of a police inquiry, the TSC receives a call from a local police department. By querying the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database which contains an instruction to contact the TSC, for the first time, a local police officer who pulls an individual over during a routine traffic stop will now know if the person encountered is a known or suspected terrorist. If there is a positive or inconclusive identification match, the TSC follows its procedure and telephonically conferences in the FBI's Counterterrorism Watch for specific instructions about appropriate action that may be taken. Such specific instructions may include -- in appropriate and lawfully authorized circumstances -- arresting, detaining, or questioning the individual. Lastly, the FBI's Counterterrorism Watch reports the final case resolution to the TSC, and the TSC's call center then facilitates feedback to the Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC) and appropriate agencies. As a result, the originating agencies' file will constantly be updated with fresh and pertinent information for further analysis by that agency.
Safeguarding Civil LibertiesWe recognize that with all of these capabilities also comes the responsibility to ensure that we continue to protect our civil liberties.
The TSC has absolutely no independent authority to conduct intelligence collection or other operations. In fact, the TSC does not collect information at all - it only receives information collected by other entities with preexisting authority to do so, each with their own policies and procedures to protect privacy rights and civil liberties. The handling and use of information, including U.S. person information, is governed by the same statutory, regulatory, and constitutional requirements as if the information was not to be included in a TSC-managed database.
The TSC's primary mission is to ensure that the identities data that is already known to the U.S. Government is held in one location where it can be queried by those who need it, including federal security screeners and state and local law enforcement officers. The structures which are in place also ensure that information about U.S. persons that has been determined to be purely domestic terrorism information with no link to foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, or international terrorism does not go through the Terrorist Threat Integration Center, but instead is placed directly into the TSC by the FBI. The Attorney General has also been directed to implement procedures and safeguards with respect to information about U.S. persons, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of Central Intelligence.
We are also committed to addressing the issues and inconveniences arising from the misidentification of persons under previous watchlisting practices. Procedures are in place to review and promptly adjust or delete erroneous or outdated information, and several such records have already been identified, and updated or removed. In addition, we are currently in the process of creating the Office of Ombudsman to handle the misidentification process for the TSC.
The creation of the Terrorist Screening Center marks a significant step forward in protecting America's communities and families by detecting, disrupting, or preempting terrorist threats. The TSC builds on the improvements to U.S. watch list capabilities that began following the horrific September 11th attacks. The TSC is already contributing to nationwide efforts to keep terrorists out of the U.S. and locate those who may already be in the country. The TSC will be able to fulfill this mission more effectively and efficiently after we achieve full operating capability later this year

top ten of most dictators

hello my followers! i my intention  is to inform you ,to satisfy your curoisity,

Here we list ten animals that would have the longest lifespans living under ideal circumstances.

African Elephant

The largest surviving land-animals have an average lifespan of up to 70 years and a recent Zimbabwean study has found that female African elephants can potentially remain fertile until their death!
Read more about elephants in our Animals A_Z section.

Bowhead Whale

Photo by Blatant World

Bowhead whales have an average lifespan of 200 years. They can survive this long because they have a very low body temperature — and the lower an animal's body temperature, the longer it can live.

Galapagos Giant Tortoise

Photo by Wanderlass

The largest living species of tortoise that can survive well past a hundred, with the oldest recorded at 152. The most famous Galapagos Tortoise was 'Lonesome George', a sub species who lived on the Islands, he was 100 years old and still classed as a young adult! He had become an ambassador of sorts for the islands off the coast of Ecuador whose unique flora and fauna helped inspire Charles Darwin’s theories on evolution.

Greenland Shark

Photo by JT Palmer

These sharks live farther north than any other shark species and some estimates put their lifespan at over 200 years. They also hold the world record for having the most toxic meat of any shark!

Koi Fish

Photo by Kimli

Koi fish usually live for 25-30 years but there are reports of kois that have achieved ages of 100–200 years. One famous koi in Japan, named "Hanako", died in 1977 and a study of the growth rings of one of her scales reported that she was 226! This made her older than the United States of America!

Long Finned Eel

Photo by CSKK

Native to New Zealand and Australia, these eels often live to 60 years old with the oldest living longfin recorded being 106! These eels grow very slowly, only one to two centimeters a year.

Macaw

Photo by Allan Hopkins

Native to South American rainforests, mangroves and savannas, macaws can live up to 60-80 years, while their breeding age ranges from 30 to 35 years. Unfortunately the majority of macaws are now endangered in the wild and a few are extinct.

Ocean Quahog

Some collected specimens have been calculated to be more than 400 years old. These animals show exceptional longevity with a highest reported age, for ‘Ming’ the clam, of 507 years. It was collected alive by an expedition in 2006 so it may have lived even longer if left in the wild.

Immortal Jellyfish

One who outlives them all, real name 'Potpourris Dohrnii', this jellyfish is unique in that it exhibits a certain form of immortality; it can transform itself from an adult back into a baby through a process known as ‘trans-differentiation’, in which one type of cell transforms into another. The jellyfish turns itself into a blob-like cyst, which then develops into a polyp colony; this is the first stage in jellyfish life. Through asexual reproduction, the resulting polyp colony can spawn hundreds of genetically identical jellyfish - near perfect copies of the of original adult.

10 most dictotors

      10 Dictotors of history

History has produced some brutal dictators. You'd think we'd learn our lesson.

"Every time a dictator dies, or an atrocity is perpetrated, or details of the torture endured by those who lived through one regime or another escapes to the outside world, invariably the cry goes up that this must never be allowed to happen again. The unsavory fact is, however, that it does happen again, over and over, from one continent to another."
-Shelley Klein, author of The Most Evil Dictators in History
10. Genghis Khan


Born Temujin, Genghis Khan set out at the age of 20 to unite all Mongol tribes under his rule with brutal and merciless military tactics. To avenge his father's murder by the Tatar Army, Temujin ordered the killing of ever Tatar male taller than 3 feet. After defeating the Taichi'ut tribe, the chiefs were boiled alive. By 1206, Temujin had defeated the powerful Naiman tribe, giving him control of central and eastern Mongolia. After major victories over other Mongol tribes, leaders made peace with Temujin, who became Genghis Khan, meaning "universal ruler." During later wars the Mongols used enemy survivors as human shields in the next battle. In a campaign against the Khwarizm Dynasty, one Governor Inalchuq was captured and executed by having molten silver poured into his ears and eyes (George R.R. Martin would be proud); the rest of the population was either slaughtered or enslaved. Genghis Khan died in 1227. The cause of his death remains a mystery, though most experts attribute his demise to illness.

9. Idi Amin


Also known as the "Butcher of Uganda," Idi Amin's opponents faced three prospects—imprisonment, torture, or death (sometimes all three). Although precise numbers are tricky to get, it's estimated that between 100,000 and half a million Ugandans were killed and tortured at his hand. Amin ordered the Asian population out of Uganda, declaring an "economic war" on them and blaming them for the country's economic woes. As Asians left the country, businesses were closed and the economy worsened. Amin had a particular appetite for killing people in the most brutal ways, which including cutting off genitals and limbs and letting the victim bleed to death; flaying humans alive and making them eat their own flesh; making men line up and then forcing the first man to lie down, only to have his head smashed by the next one in line with a hammer and then that man would have to lie down, and so on; victims were made to sit in an ice bath outside and freeze to death slowly; women were systematically raped, tortured, and killed. Most bodies were thrown into the Nile where they were consumed by crocodiles.

8. Shaka Zulu
One of the most influential kings of the Zulu Kingdom, Shaka Zulu is widely credited with uniting the Nguni people in Africa with brilliant military tactics using disciplined military regiments. His brutal reign was not fully realized until after the death of his mother when, with inconsolable grief, he began slaughtering citizens of his kingdom. After the funeral of his mother, he ordered his military to go out and kill anyone who was found not mourning properly. He outlawed the planting of crops and the use of milk for a year, and all the women found pregnant were murdered along with their husbands. His brutal reign came to an end when his half-brothers murdered him in 1828.

7. Vlad the Impaler
The inspiration for Bram Stoker's Dracula is just as scary as the blood-drinking monster. Vlad had a particular taste for blood and torture – and his name offers a clue . To impale his victims, he would insert a wood or metal pole through the body. Usually, it was inserted vertically so that the exit wound would be near the victim's neck, shoulders, or mouth. In most instances, the pole was not sharp to prolong suffering and, in most cases, it would take hours or even days for the person to die. The pole would be raised vertically to showcase the victim. But impaling his victims wasn't the only form of killing he enjoyed. He also drove nails through his victims heads, as well as burning, beheading, roasting children alive and then feeding them to their mothers, mutilation, and countless other atrocities. It's rumored that he would dip his bread in blood before eating it and often enjoyed eating feasts with his impaled victims around him (usually still alive and writhing). It's estimated that he killed anywhere between 40,000 to 100,000 people. Although a relatively small number compared to other evil dictators on this list, Vlad the Impaler earns a spot in the top ten simply for his sadistic pleasure of torturing and killing people.

6. Pol Pot
The Cambodia communist dictator is responsible for torturing and killing the majority of Cambodians, an estimated 1 to 3 million people, or 25 to 35 percent of the country. He put the majority of Cambodians into slave labor, where most died from malnutrition, poor medical care, starvation, or execution. Many were clubbed to death or buried alive. Workers who made mistakes were flogged to death or shot. During his rule, Pol Pot ordered babies torn limb by limb; people were beaten to death with hammers and impaled with sharpened bamboo sticks. In order to make a perfectly equal society, he sent city people to work on the farms and farmers to work in the city, which resulted in widespread famine.

5.Kim Il Sung
Causing the death of around 3 million people, Kim Il Sung was the communist dictator of North Korea for 49 years. He killed all of the officers and rivals that fought alongside him in the Korean War, a war he started. He also exiled or executed the majority of his generals that fought in the war and placed around 200,000 political prisoners in concentration camps. His regime became so bad that when someone committed a crime, even so much as accidently dropping a picture of Kim Il Sung, their entire family was killed or sent to camps where they faced starvation, torture and death. One of the tortures made famous in his camps was making a prisoner kneel in a box motionless for months until death. Firing squads were plentiful in the concentration camps, as well. During his reign, upwards of 3.5 million people are estimated to have died from famine alone.
4.Saddam Hussein
One of the most well-known leaders of the 21st century, Saddam Hussein instituted mass genocide against the Kurds, Shabaks, Assyrians, Madeans, and other ethnic groups that rebelled against his brutal regime. An estimated 2 million people died at his hand. He used mustard and nerve gas against the Kurdish town of Halabja, a population of 45,000, killing between 3,200 – 5,000 people. He used more chemical weapons against the Kurds during a genocidal campaign, killing between 50,000 and 100,000 Kurdish men, women, and children. No one was safe from imprisonment and torture. He often had the torture of his victims recorded and then replayed during dinner for his amusement.

3. Adolf Hitler
Any evil dictator list is incomplete without Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party of Germany responsible for the death of 17 million people. Prior to and during World War II, Hitler's forces engaged in the systematic extermination of anyone Hitler deemed unfit, particularly Jews. His concentration camps killed millions of Jews, Christians, mentally disabled, Gypsies, children, women and anyone who opposed his rule.

2. Josef Stalin
Responsible for more than 23 million deaths, Stalin is one of the most evil dictators the world has ever seen. After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin became the new Communist leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin's Five-Year Economic Plan caused widespread famine as he forced all peasants to join state-owned farmers co-operatives. This famine hit the south of the Soviet Union particularly hard, as an estimate 3 million people died from starvation in Ukraine alone. Those who opposed the state-owned farm initiatives were deported or murdered, and the state seized their land. Those who survived were shipped to labor camps, similar to the concentration camps of Nazis, where they were worked to death or died of exposure, starvation and disease. Managers of state-operated factories and farms were executed if they didn't produce adequate numbers and, as more and more workers were killed, others had to take on more duties to meet quotas. Taking time off from work and breaks became a crime. Intellectuals, even those who didn't overtly criticize or disagree with Stalin, were sent to gulags as political prisoners. Stalin's "Great Purge" was a campaign to kill anyone opposed to him.

1. Mao Tse-Tung

A Chinese revolutionary and communist leader, Mao tops the list as the most evil dictator in history by sheer arithmetic: at least 49 million people died as a result of his policies. During the first five years of his rule (1949-1953), Mao systematically killed between 4 and 6 million people by sentencing them to death or to the labor camps. His programs, Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, are said to have caused around 20 million deaths due to starvation. He baited intellectuals during his reign to critique him but, after doing so, had them executed. In the end, because of his policies and political purges, Mao caused the death of as many as 78 million people, making him the most evil dictator in history.